bhagirath kharak glacier

The remaining glaciers are those which lie on mountain slopes and terminate before reaching the main valley. The glacierised area of the basin has reduced from 368.69.2km2 in 1994 to 353.05.3km2 in 2020, a change of 4.22.9% (0.160.11%a1) (Table 4). Table 5 collates the results of the studies that estimate the rate of fractional loss of area and the rate of change of fractional debris cover in the various glacierised basins across the Himalaya (i.e. We have compiled and analysed available records and data on the shrinkage of Satopanth (SPG) and Bhagirath Kharak (BKG) Glaciers, Uttarakhand, India, during the period 1936-2013. (PDF) Shrinkage of Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak - ResearchGate A negative correlation (R 2=0.15) between glacier area loss and debris-covered fraction was indeed seen (Fig. Table 1. (a) Mean annual temperature and (b) precipitation, CRU data (19012019). It is therefore important to assess the influence of climatic and topographic parameters on the glacier changes at basin scale. 11. Similar pattern of area loss of debris-covered glaciers was observed in the other Himalayan basin; for example, Sahu and Gupta (Reference Sahu and Gupta2020) reported area loss of ~3% for debris-covered glaciers in comparison with 11% clean ice glaciers in Chanda Basin. a1) is dominated by avalanches (Laha and others, Reference Laha2017). The hanging glaciers have a relatively higher mean slope (27) than the mountain glaciers (24). In total, 175 glaciers could be investigated for the period 19942020. Remya and others (Reference Remya, Kulkarni, Hassan and Nainwal2020) found significant mass loss (0.550.06m w.e. The rate of change of the fraction of debris cover area in UAB was significantly higher (0.61%a1) in the period 2006 and 2020 as compared to 0.31%a1 from 1994 to 2006. near steep slopes or cast shadows. Also, our field experience at Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers (Fig. This paper presents the results obtained from the analysis from All these were generated at different epochs, using different datasets and mapping techniques. Hourly BC varied from 12 ng m -3 to 439 ng m -3 duri Two further Sentinel-2A images (acquired 13 September 2020 and 18 October 2020) were also checked to discard snow patches and misclassified shadow zones. These are two relatively well-studied glaciers as far as length fluctuation is concerned. visituttrakhand.com is a online portal for providing information about Uttarakhand Culture, Temples, History, Handicraft, Food & Cuisnes, Art & Craft, Destinations, Fair & Festivals, Hotels. Therefore, we could expect the difference in retreat rates being due to different demarcation of parallel flow lines used for length change or retreat estimation. The large glaciers tend to have compound basins; consequently about half the glacierised area is in compound basins. The minor difference in Bhagirath Kharak Glacier could be due to significant changes in the snout morphology observed in the field after 2015. The area loss of the three large glaciers in UAB, Tara, Tipra and Khulia Garvya, reported by Garg and others (Reference Garg, Shukla and Jasrotia2017) shows the same rate of area loss as our study. The Climate Research Unit (CRU) TS 4.04 data for the study area shows mean monthly temperatures varying from ~7C in January to ~11C in July during 19012019 (Fig. Morphological factors controlling changes in the mass balance, surface area, terminus position, and snow line altitude of Himalayan glaciers. The late summer snowline altitude (SLA) was retrieved for the glacier inventory (2020) by manually delineating the snowline using the band combination SWIR (12)-NIR (8)-Green (3) of the master Sentinel-2 image (cf. There are no instrumental climatic records available in the UAB. The majority of glaciers (94) are small in size (<0.5km2). Parts of the work were conducted in the framework of the project Understanding and quantifying the transient dynamics and evolution of debris-covered glaciers funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No. To extract the topographic information of the glaciers, the High Mountain Asia Digital Elevation Model (HMA DEM) (Shean, Reference Shean2017) was used (Table 1). The Sentinel-2A image of 8 October 2020 was used as a reference image as it had most suitable conditions and matched best with our field-based differential GPS (DGPS) mapping over the frontal parts of Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers conducted 67 October 2020 (Fig. ISBN-13: 978-8-185-86780-9, Heterogeneous Influence of Glacier Morphology on the Mass Balance Variability in High Mountain Asia, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, Glacier changes in the Ravi basin, North-Western Himalaya (India) during the last four decades (19712010/13), Glacier characteristics and retreat between 1991 and 2014 in the Ladakh range, Jammu and Kashmir, Glacier changes between 1971 and 2016 in the Jankar Chhu Watershed, Lahaul Himalaya, India, Topographic influences on recent changes of very small glaciers in the Monashee Mountains, British Columbia, Canada, Influence of debris cover on terminus retreat and mass changes of Chorabari Glacier, Garhwal region, central Himalaya, India, 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outlines derived from remote-sensing data, The glaciers climate change initiative: methods for creating glacier area, elevation change and velocity products, Influence of debris cover and altitude on glacier surface melting: a case study on Dokriani Glacier, central Himalaya, India, Asia's shrinking glaciers protect large populations from drought stress, Using remote-sensing data to determine equilibrium-line altitude and mass-balance time series: validation on three French glaciers, 19942002, Spatial patterns in glacier characteristics and area changes from 1962 to 2006 in the KanchenjungaSikkim area, eastern Himalaya, Challenges and recommendations in mapping of glacier parameters from space: results of the 2008 global land ice measurements from space (GLIMS) workshop, Boulder, Colorado, USA, Heterogeneous glacier thinning patterns over the last 40 years in Langtang Himal, Nepal, Alarming recession of glaciers in Bhilangna basin, Garhwal Himalaya, from 1965 to 2014 analysed from Corona and Cartosat data, Illustrated GLIMS Glacier Classification Manual Glacier, Classification Guidance for the GLIMS Glacier Inventory, Glacier mass loss in the Alaknanda basin, Garhwal Himalaya on a decadal scale, Randolph Glacier Inventory A Dataset of Global Glacier Outlines: Version 6.0: Technical Report, Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Glacier mass change in High Mountain Asia through 2100 using the open-source python glacier evolution model (PyGEM), Glacier mapping and change analysis in Chandra basin, Western Himalaya, India during 19712016, Brief communication: updated GAMDAM glacier inventory over high-mountain Asia, Contrasting glacier responses to recent climate change in high-mountain Asia, Debris-covered glacier anomaly? 1): grid 01 (30.75N, 79.25E) and grid 02 (30.75N, 79.5E). 8b). The glaciers with larger response times took longer to respond to the changes. Both studies indicate an almost similar mean surface lowering, 0.37ma1 (20002014) and 0.33ma1 (20002017). Feature Flags: { Glacier size, debris-cover extent, elevation range and aspect are found controlling glacier-specific factors for the fractional rate of area loss in UAB from 1994 to 2020. The ablation of Bhagirath Kharak Glacier is surrounded by a thick layer of debris and above sea level their snouts are located at 3796m and 3858m. This trip included a three-day foray up Bhagirath Kharak Glacier, one of the largest in the area, to climb a remote 5400 m peak where Gansser & Heim had camped and taken very valuable photographs of the upper reaches of the glacier. The glacier outlines and the DEM enabled us to extract the elevation parameters of the glacier surface. Tiwari, Sameer K. We assumed that no changes in these features had occurred. Location map of the study area showing clean and debris-covered parts of the glaciers and main localities. Inset (a) Uttarakhand State and footprints of the satellite images used in the study, (b) climate diagram (19012019) for the basin extracted from CRU data. The boundaries in these regions were identified considering colour differences and the surrounding geomorphology, such as steep ice walls or exposed ice faces, stream emerging points, outwash plains, lateral morainic ridges, water ponds and ice cliff shadows. The highest precipitation is recorded in the month of July (~151mm) and August (~148mm) followed by September (~83mm) and June (~73mm) (Fig. Hence, the average retreat rate increased in time and, even though the area and length changes show a delayed response to climate forcing it is evident that the atmospheric warming was the main driver of the glacier wastage in UAB and the whole Himalaya. We could not map the area changes of all 198 glaciers of the 2020 inventory since not all of them were clearly visible in the Landsat image owing to partial cloud cover and limited coverage of the 2006 ASTER image. This implies an average loss rate of 0.160.11%a1 during this period. However, there is a decreasing trend from ~1970 to ~2000 and then an increasing trend till 2019. The satellite data from the different sensors were co-registered with the Sentinel-2A images as a master image using the projective transformation algorithm in ERDAS Imagine 2014 (cf. Nainwal and others ( Reference Nainwal, Banerjee, Shankar, Semwal and Sharma 2016 ) pointed out that this was not the case and that the inaccuracy of the SOI map was . These were 5, 6.5 and 8m for the Sentinel-2, ASTER and Landsat TM images respectively. One reason for the higher rates may be due to the use of coarse resolution (60m) Landsat MSS image; while Mandal and Sharma (Reference Mandal and Sharma2020) observed area loss of 5.6% (0.11%a1) in the adjacent Tirungkhad watershed, based on relatively high-resolution Corona (1965) and Sentinel (2018) images. S1); and the changes in length along each of these lines were then averaged (cf. Our estimates of the retreat rates of Tara (10) and Khuliya Garvya (18) glaciers are in generally in agreement with the results reported by Garg and others (Reference Garg, Shukla and Jasrotia2017). Himalayan glaciers have been shrinking and losing mass rapidly since 1970s with an enhanced rate after 2000. In this paper, we concentrate on the Upper Alaknanda Basin (UAB) in the Central Himalaya where such investigations are limited and no detailed up to date glacier inventory and estimates of glacier area change exist. For the glacier inventory, contiguous ice masses were separated into glaciers based on the HMA DEM, using hydrologic functions in ArcGIS and further checked and adjusted using shaded relief map and Google Earth 3-D views (Racoviteanu and others, Reference Racoviteanu, Paul, Raup, Khalsa and Armstrong2009; Bolch and others, Reference Bolch, Menounos and Wheate2010b; Das and Sharma, Reference Das and Sharma2018). The Alaknanda Basin has ~400 glaciers with an area of ~1200km2 (Raina and Srivastava, Reference Raina and Srivastava2008). mass balance, debris thickness) are needed to provide insights on overall glacier response and establish a better relation between glacier changes and climatic parameters. Interestingly, small glaciers (<5km2) showed a higher (0.810.18%a1) rate of increase in the extent of debris cover as compared to 0.440.06%a1 for large glaciers (>5km2) during the study period 19942020. We have estimated the retreat rate of Tipra Glacier for the period 19942020 to be 18.61.8ma1. Area loss of 175 glaciers from 1994 to 2020 according to their size. Bolch and others, Reference Bolch2010a; Frey and others, Reference Frey, Paul and Strozzi2012). The average retreat rate was higher in the period 20062020 (13.3 1.8 m a1) in comparison to 19942006 (9.3 1.9 m a1). For the estimation of glacier retreat, parallel lines were drawn on either side of the central flow-line (or along the maximum glacier length) at 50m intervals (Supplementary Fig. Using the extended J, H and K magnitudes provided by the 2MASS data archive, we consider the position of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) in the observed relations between inferred supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass and the host galaxy properties, as well as their position in the stellar velocity dispersion and luminosity ( L) relation, compared to E and S0 galaxies. The rate of area vacated in the frontal region of these two glaciers during the period 19802013 was estimated to be 0.00480.001 and 0.00270.001km2a1 respectively (Nainwal and others, Reference Nainwal, Banerjee, Shankar, Semwal and Sharma2016). For example, Mir and others (Reference Mir, Jain, Jain, Thayyen and Saraf2017) reported a loss rate of 0.510.01a1 during 19762011 in the Baspa Basin. The glacier-boundaries from the different years were superimposed over each other. 2019). This resulted in an average mapping uncertainty of 3.5% for TM, 2.75% for ASTER and 2.3% for Sentinel-2. with glaciers between 5 and 10km2 having the highest average snowline of 5467m a.s.l. Rabatel and others, Reference Rabatel, Dedieu and Vincent2005; Shukla and others, Reference Shukla, Garg, Mehta, Kumar and Shukla2020). The extent of debris cover increases with the increasing size of the glacier. Long-term high altitude in-situ meteorological records in the basin along with ground-based glaciological measurements (e.g. We do this to contribute to the understanding of the complex processes of the dynamics of the collection of glaciers in the UAB in a rapidly changing climate. The total glacierised area of RGI (354.0km2), ICIMOD (354.8km2) and of our inventory (354.6km2) is approximately the same but that of GSI (436.9km2) and GGI2 (410.5km2) is significantly larger. Vasuki Parbat South (6702 m) - Wikimapia During this period, the total area of debris-covered glaciers reduced from 305.37.6 to 296.64.4km2 corresponding to 2.92.9% (0.110.11%a1) whereas the relative area loss of the debris-free glaciers was 10.82.8% (0.420.11%a1). That is what H.C. Nainwal, B. D. S. Negi, M. Chaudhary, K. S. Sajwan and Amit Gaurav of Department of Geology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand attempted for Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers at the head of the Alaknanda valley in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand. 2016; Shah et al. Nainwal and others (Reference Nainwal, Negi, Chaudhary, Sajwan and Gaurav2008) have estimated the length and area changes for Satopanth glacier to be 22.8ma1 and 0.314km2 and for Bhagirath Kharak glacier to be 7.42ma1 and 0.13km2 between 1962 and 2005. Table 5. Render date: 2023-06-30T22:58:05.882Z We identified 198 glaciers, comprising an area of 354.6 8.5 km2, and classified them according to their size and morphology. To estimate the area uncertainties of all glaciers, the buffer method was used with buffer sizes of half of the pixel size or co-registration error between two images. Fig. The glaciers <0.5km2 and of 0.51.0km2 in size have the SLA at a similar elevation of 5262 and 5254m a.s.l., respectively. While the ASTER image has a relatively higher RMSE value and limited study area coverage, we used it in our study to compare the results of the previous study in UAB by Bhambri and others (Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011a). Has data issue: false Valley glaciers have well-defined accumulation and ablation areas and their form is controlled by the respective topography. The area changes of 138 glaciers were analysed for the periods 19942006 and 20062020. Sain, Kalachand Thus, within the uncertainties, the loss rate is inversely proportional to the elevation range. Arwa Group - Nearby Glaciers - LiquiSearch 20012), 2002 and 2008 (i.e. 9). PKT C-509, DDA LIG Flats, East of Loni Road, Near Sunil Dairy, New Delhi - 110093Tel: +91-11-22819157M.NO: +91-9971676757, 9313353419Mail: uttarakhandholidays@gmail.comWeb: www.uttarakhand-holidays.comwww.visituttrakhand.com. This may be due to the fact that only 24 glaciers were accounted. Blair Glacier - Wikipedia Retreat in the length of Satopanth and Bagirathi Kharak glacier was 2.28km and 0.66 km respectively from the period (1962-2013). There were significant changes in the extent of debris cover in the UAB. Almost all the Himalayan glaciers are retreating, including Gangotri, Satopanth and Bhagirath-Kharak. Chudley and others (Reference Chudley, Miles and Willis2017) reported a loss of 45.3km2 (12.8% or 0.52%a1) in Ladakh range during 1991 and 2014. These estimates are consistent with the previously reported mapping uncertainties (Bolch and others, Reference Bolch2010a; Bhambri and others, Reference Bhambri, Bolch, Chaujar and Kulshreshtha2011a; Paul and others, Reference Paul2013; Chand and Sharma, Reference Chand and Sharma2015; Garg and others, Reference Garg, Shukla and Jasrotia2017). 5. 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