The opposite of these are demonic, such as cruelty, conceit, hypocrisy and being inhumane, states Krishna. [18][114][115] The fifteenth chapter expounds on Krishna's theology, in the Vaishnava Bhakti tradition of Hinduism. It openly synthesizes and inclusively accepts multiple ways of life, harmonizing spiritual pursuits through action (karma), knowledge (gyaana), and devotion (bhakti). [136][137], Translators title this chapter as JnanaVijnana yoga, Religion by Discernment, Wisdom from Realization, or The Yoga of Knowledge and Judgment. [217] According to the Indologist Jacqueline Hirst, the dharma theme is "of significance only at the beginning and end of the Gita" and this may have been a way to perhaps link the Gita to the context of the Mahabharata. The text states that Dasaslokipossibly authored by Nimbarkateaches the essence of the Gita; the Gita tattva prakashika interprets the Gita also in a hybrid monist-dualist manner.[317][318]. [260] He places the Pancaratra Agama in the last three or four centuries of 1st-millennium BCE, and proposes that both the tantric and vedic, the Agama and the Gita share the same Vsudeva-Krishna roots. [256] For Gandhi, states Vajpeyi, ahimsa is the "relationship between self and other" as he and his fellow Indians battled against colonial rule. [243] In the Appendix, there is an essay written by Isherwood titled, The Gita and War.
Chapter 11 - Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God - Swami Mukundananda "[117] This and other moral dilemmas in the first chapter are set in a context where the Hindu epic and Krishna have already extolled ahimsa (non-violence) to be the highest and divine virtue of a human being.
The Bhagavad Gita - Key Points - Annenberg Learner [18][114][115] Krishna continues his discourse from the previous chapter. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India, commented on the Gita: The Bhagavad-Gita deals essentially with the spiritual foundation of human existence. He reveals his divine being in greater detail as the ultimate cause of all material and spiritual existence, as one who transcends all opposites and who is beyond any duality. Krishna states that his own highest nature is the imperishable Brahman, and that he lives in every creature as the adhyatman. According to Kashi Nath Upadhyaya, a Gita scholar, it is possible that a number of different individuals with the same name compiled different texts. The relationships between thought and action. [31] This suggests that the text was composed after the Pini era, but before the long compounds of classical Sanskrit became the norm. A collection of Christian commentaries on the Gita has been edited by Catherine Cornille, comparing and contrasting a wide range of views on the text by theologians and religion scholars. He states that the Gita was always a part of the Mahabharata, and dating the latter suffices in dating the Gita. The simultaneous outer action with inner renunciation, states Krishna, is the secret to the life of freedom. Gandhi called the Gita "The Gospel of Selfless Action".
Bhagavad-Gita 13-15 Summary and Analysis | GradeSaver [272] These translations vary,[273] and are in part an interpretative reconstruction of the original Sanskrit text that differ in their "friendliness to the reader",[274] and in the amount of "violence to the original Gita text". [86], According to Hiltebeitel, Bhakti forms an essential ingredient of this synthesis, and the text incorporates Bhakti into Vedanta. [159][160][161] Some of the verses in Chapter 16 may be polemics directed against competing Indian religions, according to Basham. bhagavad-gita-chapter-11-the-vision-of-the-cosmic-form Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t7jr39x7m Ocr tesseract 5..-beta-20210815 It was the first of books; it was as if an empire spoke to us, nothing small or unworthy, but large, serene, consistent, the voice of an old intelligence which in another age and climate had pondered and thus disposed of the same questions which exercise us. [95] An authentic manuscript of the Gita with 745 verses has not been found. [18][114][115] On Arjuna's request, Krishna displays his "universal form" (Vivarpa). [373][374] On 27 February 2021, the Bhagavad Gita, was launched into outer space in a SD card, on a PSLV-C51 rocket launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. The body is made up simply of senses and sense organs and action organs, but it is a product -- a derivative of the grander Self. "[14][16] The Bhagavad Gita is part of the Prasthanatrayi, which also includes the Upanishads and Brahma sutras. [145][146] Chapter 11, states Eknath Eswaran, describes Arjuna entering first into savikalpa samadhi (a particular form), and then nirvikalpa samadhi (a universal form) as he gets an understanding of Krishna. Page 2 of 14 . A Writer's Story", "Complete-Works/Volume 2/Jnana-Yoga/CHAPTER X/THE FREEDOM OF THE SOUL", "Dr Kalam, India's Most Non-Traditional President", "Three books that influenced APJ Abdul Kalam deeply Firstpost", "J. Robert Oppenheimer on the Trinity test (1965)", "Gita is India's biggest gift to the world: Modi", "Narendra Modi gifts Bhagavad Gita to Obama", "English rendering of Text of PM's speech at Unveiling ceremony of world's largest Bhagavad Gita", "PM attends Gita Aradhana Mahotsav at ISKCON, New Delhi", "Brazil's Amazonia-1 on board with Bhagavad Gita", "Fanciful Visions on the Mahatma's Road to Truth and Simplicity", "Warrior Prince From India Wrestles With Destiny", Bhagvat Geeta Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon by Charles Wilkins, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagavad_Gita&oldid=1161350358, The Message of the Gita (or Essays on the Gita), Winthrop Sargeant (Editor: Christopher K Chapple), Srimad Bhagavad Gita Bhasya of Sri Samkaracharya, The Living Gita: The Complete Bhagavat Gita: A Commentary for Modern Readers, Bhagavad-Gita with the Commentary of Sankaracarya, Bhagavad Gita, With Commentary of Sankara, The Bhagavad Gita, Your Charioteer in the Battlefield of Life, The Bhagavad Gita, an Original Translation, Bhagavad Gita: A Walkthrough for Westerners, The Bhagavat Gita (as part of the Wisdom Bible), Wilfried Huchzermeyer and Jutta Zimmermann, Bhagavad Gita: Translation and Commentary, The Sacred Song: A New Translation of the Bhagavad Gita for the Third Millennium, Bhagavad Gita: Rhythm of Krishna (Gita in Rhymes), Chapters 16 = Karma yoga, the means to the final goal, Chapters 1318 = Jnana yoga or knowledge, the goal itself. According to Chatterjee, the Krishna's religion of Gita is "not so narrow-minded". The Bhagavad Gita The Bhagavad Gita - Key Points Key Teaching Points and Discussion Prompts . Action leads to knowledge, while selfless action leads to spiritual awareness, state the last verses of this chapter. Following are just some of the many age-old issues that humans have contended with that the scripture sheds light on: The wisdom and warnings when we get engaged in any action. [394] Hindus have their own understanding of dharma that goes much beyond the Gita or any particular Hindu text. [77][78][79] Desires, selfishness, and the craving for fruits can distort one from spiritual living. Every man or woman is bound by activity. The cycle of rebirth (or reincarnation) is important to the religion and philosophy of the Gita. [375], The Gita has been cited and criticized as a Hindu text that supports varna-dharma and the caste system. Accordingly, the title has been interpreted as "the word of God" by the theistic schools,[17] "the words of the Lord",[18] "the Divine Song",[19][20] and "Celestial Song" by others.[21]. [140] He equates himself to being the father and the mother of the universe, to being the Om, to the three Vedas, to the seed, the goal of life, the refuge and abode of all. The Gita Press has published the Gita in multiple Indian languages.
Bhagavad Gita: Cosmic play of God - Meditation is Easy.com [386][387], According to Swami Vivekananda, sva-dharma in the Gita does not mean "caste duty", rather it means the duty that comes with one's life situation (mother, father, husband, wife) or profession (soldier, judge, teacher, doctor). [213], Few verses in the Bhagavad Gita deal with dharma, according to the Indologist Paul Hacker, but the theme of dharma is broadly important. Religious leaders and scholars interpret the word Bhagavad in a number of ways. This chapter of the Gita, states Easwaran, offers a "vastly easier" path to most human beings to identify and love God in an anthropomorphic representation. "[255] According to Lal, in the Gita, Krishna "stuns Arjuna with a glorious 'revelation' of psychedelic intensity." [128][129] Chapter 5 shows signs of interpolations and internal contradictions. He interprets its teachings in the Shaiva Advaita (monism) tradition quite similar to Adi Shankara, but with the difference that he considers both Self and matter to be metaphysically real and eternal. [291] Swami Rambhadracharya released the first Braille version of the scripture, with the original Sanskrit text and a Hindi commentary, on 30 November 2007. [99] While the shloka is the principal meter in the Gita, it does deploy other elements of Sanskrit prosody (which refers to one of the six Vedangas, or limbs of Vedic statues). Arjuna is distressed and in sorrow. [97][note 10] The metered verse does not rhyme. The work is dated to the second half of the first millennium BCE. [6], Bhagavad Gita comprises 18 chapters (section 23 to 40)[109][web 2] in the Bhishma Parva of the epic Mahabharata.
Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 9, Verse 4 - Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God [69] Aurobindo described the text as a synthesis of various Yogas. [73][74][75] It states that the dharmic householder can achieve the same goals as the renouncing monk through "inner renunciation" or "motiveless action". mission. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass. [301] It has also attracted commentaries in regional vernacular languages for centuries, such as the one by Sant Dnyaneshwar in Marathi (13th century). Read the Bhagavad Gita online with profound and easy-to-understand commentary by Swami Mukundananda. The Gita is a cohesively knit pedagogic text, not a list of norms. This is how the flower of devotion evolves into the fruit of knowledge. No consumption, no cure! tman (Self) and Self-knowledge, along with the loss of egotistic ignorance, the goal of moksha, is something that is always present as the essence of the self, and must be realized by each person by one's own effort. [165][166] According to Jeaneane Fowler, the Gita builds on the Upanishadic Brahman theme, conceptualized to be that which is everywhere, unaffected, constant Absolute, indescribable and nirguna (abstract, without features). Steven Pressfield acknowledges that the Gita was his inspiration, the golfer character in his novel is Arjuna, the caddie is Krishna, states Rosen. A. Lord Krishna revealed himself as the origin of everything. Sadguru Sant Keshavadas - founder. For Vivekananda, the Gita was an egalitarian scripture that rejected caste and other hierarchies because of its verses such as 13.2728, which states "He who sees the Supreme Lord dwelling equally in all beings, the Imperishable in things that perish, he sees verily. He sees family and friends on the enemy side.
Is it true that the Hindu scripture 'Bhagavad Gita' was the - Quora [202], Sivananda's commentary regards the eighteen chapters of the Bhagavad Gita as having a progressive order, by which Krishna leads "Arjuna up the ladder of Yoga from one rung to another. [240][241][242] In 1944, Isherwood worked with Swami Prabhavananda of the Vedanta Society of Southern California to translate the Bhagavad Gita into English. [23] J. The book is significant in that unlike other commentaries of the Bhagavad Gita, which focus on karma yoga, jnana yoga, and bhakti yoga in relation to the Gita, Yogananda's work stresses the training of one's mind, or raja yoga. I suppose we all thought that, one way or another. As the Gita suggests, Hinduism is a way of live -- a philosophy -- that parents are expected to teach their . How might modern readers whose . [288] In 1808, passages from the Gita were part of the first direct translation of Sanskrit into German, appearing in a book through which Friedrich Schlegel became known as the founder of Indian philology in Germany. Eons end, everything dissolves and then he recreates another eon subjecting them to the laws of Prakriti (nature). This dharma has "resonances at many different levels". B. van Buitenen also states that the Gita was likely composed about 200 BCE. These late 19th-century theosophical writings called the Gita as a "path of true spirituality" and "teaching nothing more than the basis of every system of philosophy and scientific endeavor", triumphing over other "Samkhya paths" of Hinduism that "have degenerated into superstition and demoralized India by leading people away from practical action". [270]:524, The Gita has also been translated into European languages other than English. Purushottama (16681781 CE), Vallabha's follower, wrote a commentary. He describes the difference between the transient perishable physical body (kshetra) and the immutable eternal Self (kshetrajna). According to Hudson, a story in this Vedic text highlights the meaning of the name Vsudeva as the 'shining one (deva) who dwells (vasu) in all things and in whom all things dwell', and the meaning of Vishnu to be the 'pervading actor'. For Dnyaneshwar, people err when they see themselves distinct from each other and Krishna, and these distinctions vanish as soon as they accept, understand and enter with love unto Krishna. The Gita attempts to present a harmonious, universalist answer, state Deutsch and Dalvi. He discusses jnana (knowledge) and vijnana (realization, understanding) using the Prakriti-Purusha (matter-Self) framework of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy, and the Maya-Brahman framework of its Vedanta school. [212] Fundamentally, it refers to that which is right or just. [147] He can be projected as "a merciful father, a divine mother, a wise friend, a passionate beloved, or even a mischievous child", according to Easwaran. [211], Dharma is a prominent paradigm of the Mahabharata, and it is referenced in the Gita as well. [118] The ideas and concepts in the second chapter reflect the framework of the Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy. Arjuna is to do the best he knows, in order to pass beyond that best to better. Comprised of eighteen chapters taken from the great Sanskrit epic Mahabharata, the Gita presents a conversation that takes place on a battlefield just as two groups of relatives are about to wage. [91] These include writing systems that are currently in use, as well as early scripts such as the now dormant Sharada script.
Bhagavad-Gita An Introduction to Hinduism | GradeSaver cosmic cycle of rebirth and death into a physical form. Discover insights and practices for Self-realization and complete well-being to meet the challenges and opportunities of our times. [14] While Hinduism is known for its diversity and its synthesis therefrom, the Bhagavad Gita has a unique pan-Hindu influence. Now I desire to see Your divine cosmic form, O Greatest of persons. No book was more central to Gandhi's life and thought than the Bhagavad Gita, which he referred to as his "spiritual dictionary". [18][114][115] In this chapter, Krishna glorifies the path of love and devotion to God. [38][39][note 5] "[182], The Gita teaches several spiritual paths jnana, bhakti and karma to the divine.
The Bhagavad Gita by Laurie L. Patton (ebook) - eBooks.com [404] Their attempt was to present their "universalist religion". He does not want to fight to kill them and is thus filled with doubt and despair on the battlefield. Krishna. It occupies chapters 23 to 40 of Book VI of the Mahabharata and is composed in the form of a dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Krishna, an avatar (incarnation) of the god Vishnu. The verses 6.10 and after proceed to summarize the principles of Yoga and meditation in the format similar to but simpler than Patanjali's Yogasutra. Oppenheimer later recalled that, while witnessing the explosion of the Trinity nuclear test, he thought of verses from the Bhagavad Gita (XI,12): - The chapter recommends devotional worship of Krishna. [100] At dramatic moments, it uses the tristubh meter found in the Vedas, where each line of the couplet has two quarter verses with exactly eleven syllables. [45][46] Some infer, states Vivekananda, that "Shankaracharya was the author of Gita, and that it was he who foisted it into the body of the Mahabharata. NV Isaeva (1992), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press. [405], Several terms redirect here. [70], The synthesis in Bhagavad Gita addresses the question of what constitutes the virtuous path that is necessary for spiritual liberation or release from the cycles of rebirth (moksha). Krishna is simultaneously one and all. [108] According to Sargeant, it delves into questions about the "purpose of life, crisis of self-identity, human Self, human temperaments, and ways for spiritual quest". It forms the chapters 2340 of book 6 of the Mahabharata called the Bhishma Parva. [225], Unlike any other religious scripture, the Bhagavad Gita broadcasts its message in the centre of a battlefield.
Vision of the Cosmic form of God | Talks on the Gita | Vinoba Bhave [162], Translators title the chapter as MokshaSanyasa yoga, Religion by Deliverance and Renunciation, Freedom and Renunciation, or The Yoga of Liberation and Renunciation. He wonders if fighting the war is "not so important after all" given Krishna's overview on the pursuit of spiritual wisdom. Krishna explains the difference between purusha and prakriti, by mapping human experiences to three Guas (tendencies, qualities). [55] It is thus one of the key texts for the Vedanta,[56][57] a school that provides one of the theoretical foundations for Hinduism,[58] and one that has had an enormous influence over time, becoming the central ideology of the Hindu renaissance in the 19th century, according to Gavin Flood a scholar of Hinduism. However, the texts he quotes have not survived into the modern era. [97] Its 700 verses[93] are structured into several ancient Indian poetic meters, with the principal being the shloka (Anushtubh chanda). [384] This argument, states Hacker, is an attempt to "universalize Hinduism". by The Bhagavad Gita - a question of ethics The Bhagavad Gita is considered one of the keystone texts of Hindu religion and moral philosophy. "[388][note 38], Aurobindo modernises the concept of dharma by internalising it, away from the social order and its duties towards one's personal capacities, which leads to a radical individualism,[391] "finding the fulfilment of the purpose of existence in the individual alone. [11][12][13] The synthesis is at both philosophical and socio-religious levels, states the Gita scholar Keya Maitra. "[254], In his introduction to his translation of the Gita, Purushottama Lal argues that while Arjuna appears as a pacifist, concerned with ahimsa, Krishna "is the militarist" who convinces him to kill. [138], Translators title the chapter as AksaraBrahma yoga, Religion by Devotion to the One Supreme God, The Eternal Godhead, or The Yoga of the Imperishable Brahman. The entire universe dissolves at the end of Brahma's life of 100 years (311.04 trillion earth years). [307] He wrote a commentary on the Gita as Gitartha-Samgraha, which has survived into the modern era. The Gita, while including impersonal Nirguna Brahman as the goal, mainly revolves around the relationship between the Self and a personal God or Saguna Brahman. Many are the Names. While technically illegal under colonial legislation, these acts were viewed as a moral and just war for the sake of liberty and righteous values of the type that the Gita discusses. In the last eight verses of this chapter, Krishna states that he loves those who have compassion for all living beings, are content with whatever comes their way, who live a detached life that is impartial and selfless, unaffected by fleeting pleasure or pain, neither craving for praise nor depressed by criticism. [25], Kashi Nath Upadhyaya, in contrast, dates it a bit earlier. [181], The Upanishads developed the equation "Atman = Brahman", states Fowler, and this belief is central to the Gita. [18][114][115] The chapter opens with Krishna continuing his discourse. [22], Theories on the date of the composition of the Gita vary considerably. "[94] Gambhirananda's view is supported by a few versions of chapter 6.43 of the Mahabharata. For example, states Arthur Basham, verses 5.2328 state that a sage's spiritual goal is to realize the impersonal Brahman, yet the next verse 5.29 states that the goal is to realize the personal God who is Krishna.[51]. Millions of people actually witnessed the glory of God in person, with their own eyes. [web 7][web 8], The 1995 novel by Steven Pressfield, and its adaptation as the 2000 golf movie The Legend of Bagger Vance by Robert Redford has parallels to the Bhagavad Gita, according to Steven J. Rosen. Everything that constitutes prakriti (nature, matter) is process driven and has a finite existence. Krishna is presented as a teacher who "drives Arjuna and the reader beyond initial preconceptions". Some Sanskrit editions that separate the Gita from the epic as an independent text, as well as translators, however, add chapter titles. [165][166], Like some of the Upanishads, the Gita does not limit itself to the nirguna Brahman. All phenomena and individual personalities are a combination of all three gunas in varying and ever-changing proportions. [11] The text covers Jna, Bhakti, Karma, and Rja yogas (spoken of in the 6th chapter),[13] while incorporating ideas from the Samkhya-Yoga philosophy. [54], The Bhagavad Gita is a "summation of the Vedanta", states Sargeant. The cosmos, physical, astral, and causal, is rooted above in the Supreme Consciousness, in Brahman. It is more broadly, the "duty" and a "metaphysically congealed act" for Arjuna. [84][85][205] Others consider it a progressive stage or a combination of Karma yoga and Bhakti yoga. They are free within, always. In the moments before a great battle, Krishna sets out the important lessons Arjuna must learn to understand his own role in the war he is about to fight. In this context, the Gita advises Arjuna to do his holy duty (sva-dharma) as a warrior; fight and kill. [24] According to the Indologist Arvind Sharma, the Gita is generally accepted to be a 2nd-century-BCE text. In Minor's view, the Harvard scholar Franklin Edgerton's English translation and Richard Garbe's German translation are closer to the text than many others. The dating of the Gita is thus dependent on the uncertain dating of the Mahabharata. Raja ruler, king. For me, this was one of the best moments f. Two massive armies representing different loyalties and ideologies face a catastrophic war. The knowledge of one's true self is linked to the realization of the Self. [152], Translators title the fourteenth chapter as GunatrayaVibhaga yoga, Religion by Separation from the Qualities, The Forces of Evolution, or The Yoga of the Division of Three Gunas. the infinite is not contained by the finite beings. [103][note 11] Two massive armies have gathered to destroy each other. Vallabha, the proponent of "Suddhadvaita" or pure non-dualism, wrote a commentary on the Gita, the Sattvadipika. The Lord, states Chatterjee, created millions and millions of people, and he did not ordain dharma only for Indians [Hindus] and "make all the others dharma-less", for "are not the non-Hindus also his children"? [309] To Shankara, the teaching of the Gita is to shift an individual's focus from the outer, impermanent, fleeting objects of desire and senses to the inner, permanent, eternal atman-Brahman-Vasudeva that is identical, in everything and in every being. these latest words I say--Uttered to bring thee bliss and peace, who lovest Me alway--Not the great company of gods nor kingly . [note 16] Nikhilananda's allegorical interpretation is shared by Huston Smith. Arjuna asks Krishna which path is better. [212] According to Zaehner, the term dharma means "duty" in the Gita's context; in verse 2.7, it refers to the "right [and wrong]", and in 14.27 to the "eternal law of righteousness". 310. These are: Translators have variously titled the first chapter as Arjuna vishada yoga, Prathama Adhyaya, The Distress of Arjuna, The War Within, or Arjuna's Sorrow. Ancient Indian scholars studied stars, celestial bodies, and created Jyotish Shastra. [35], In the Indian tradition, the Bhagavad Gita, as well as the epic Mahabharata of which it is a part, is attributed to the sage Vyasa,[36] whose full name was Krishna Dvaipayana, also called Veda-Vyasa. [3] Wondering if he should renounce the war, he seeks Krishna's counsel, whose answers and discourse constitute the Gita. [84] According to Winthrop Sargeant, the text acknowledges that some individuals are more reflective and intellectual, some affective and engaged by their emotions, some are action driven, yet others favor experimentation and exploring what works. [30], Linguistically, the Bhagavad Gita is in classical Sanskrit of the early variety, states the Gita scholar Winthrop Sargeant. [234] However, Aurobindo rejected the interpretation that the Gita, and the Mahabharata by extension, is only "an allegory of the inner life", and it has nothing to do with our outward human life and actions. If this is so, how can Krishna's argument, that a just battle perpetuates the cosmic order of the universe, be true?
History - Temple of Cosmic Religion [96], The Bhagavad Gita is a poem written in the Sanskrit language. "[255], Mahatma Gandhi credited his commitment for ahimsa to the Gita. That which is "below" is a manifestation of Brahman. [370], Narendra Modi, the 14th prime minister of India, called the Bhagavad Gita "India's biggest gift to the world". [161], Translators title the chapter as Shraddhatraya-Vibhaga yoga, Religion by the Threefold Kinds of Faith, The Power of Faith, or The Yoga of the Threefold Faith. [28][note 4] According to Arthur Basham, the context of the Bhagavad Gita suggests that it was composed in an era when the ethics of war were being questioned and renunciation to monastic life was becoming popular. [33] While the year and century is uncertain, states Richard Davis,[34] the internal evidence in the text dates the origin of the Gita discourse to the Hindu lunar month of Margashirsha (also called Agrahayana, generally December or January of the Gregorian calendar). [71][72] It discusses whether one should renounce a householder lifestyle for a life as an ascetic, or lead a householder life dedicated to one's duty and profession, or pursue a householder life devoted to a personalized God in the revealed form of Krishna. [224] War is depicted as a horror, the impending slaughter a cause for self-doubt, yet at stake is the spiritual struggle against evil. Swami Gambhirananda characterises Madhusudana Sarasvati's system as a successive approach in which Karma yoga leads to Bhakti yoga, which in turn leads to Jnana yoga:[204], Some scholars treat the "yoga of meditation" to be a distinct fourth path taught in the Gita, referring to it as Raja yoga. The Bhagavad Gita is an early poem that recounts the conversation between Arjuna the warrior and his charioteer Krishna, a manifestation of God. It awakens Cosmic Conscious-ness and stimulates life with spirituality. The turmoil in the mind of Arjuna, described in the first chapter of the Bhagavadgita, is attributed by Bhagavan Sri Krishna to an absence of correct understanding.
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