premonstratensian abbeys in england

The Premonstratensian Order in Late Medieval England (review) The Abbey of Episcopia in the Isle of Cyprus was taken by Islam in 1571. Every large monastery had priories. purported Saxon nunnery destroyed by in raids by the Danes 1016; The Abbey Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint John the Evangelist, Halesowen, The Priory Church of Saint Margaret, Henwood, The Priory Church of Saint Mary Magdalene, Sandwell. Reasons for Scheduling. Category:Halesowen Abbey - Wikimedia Commons However, whatever these lists may mean, they show the prodigious fecundity of the order during the first two centuries of its existence. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The Premonstratensian order modelled itself on the Cistercian values of austerity and seclusion and founded all its monasteries in rural locations. Immediately adjacent to the gateway is a two-storied guest-house, entered from a cloister (C). The layout of the church and associated buildings of an abbey often follows a set plan determined by the founding religious order. Nym was later proven innocent of the charge and, by 1494, had become prior of the abbey. Communities/provenance: shows the status and communities existing at each establishment, together with such dates as have been established as well as the fate of the establishment after dissolution, and the current status of the site. By this time or soon after, the S Abbot John of Easby was one of the witnesses called in the case, and his evidence describes the Scrope family tombs in the abbey church. The dispersed religious of the Belgian Province had long wished to reassemble and form new communities, but they were not allowed to do so under the Dutch Government (1815-30). [11], The Cistercian principle of rigid self-abnegation carried over to the design of the order's churches and buildings. Copyright 2023 Canons Regular of Prmontr. This became a first true monastic community. But by the spring of 1537 the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace had missed their chance to defeat the forces of the Crown. Joseph II of Austria suppressed many houses and put others under commendatory abbots (in France, prior to the Revolution, Prmontr itself had been under several commendatory abbots, including Cardinal Richelieu). [7], The cloister and buildings lie directly to the south of the church. 479 (accessed 30 Jan 2015).15. In December 1536 the towns bailiffs restored the canons to Easby. pp 20-39. [6] The only traces of St Dunstan's monastery remaining are round arches and massive supporting columns of the undercroft and the Pyx Chamber. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The community transferred to Chelmsford in 2008. Ibid, 73.3. The return of the White Canons to England is the responsibility of two of the great abbeys of our order; the abbey of Tongerlo in Belgium and the abbey of Frigolet in France. The cloister is duly placed on the south side of the church, and the chief buildings occupy their usual positions around it. W Farrer and CT Clay (eds), Early Yorkshire Charters, vol 5: The Honour of Richmond, Part 2 (Leeds, 1936), 835.2. the monastery, notably part of the church, cloisters and burial ground, Henrys son Sir William Scrope (d. 1344) was buried on an high tomb, all armed and the arms grave on a shield represented upon him without painting of colours.[9]. Together with the conventual buildings, it covered an area of twenty-five acres. Bishop of Olmtz, made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and visited St. Abacuc. In 1147, Abbot Walter of Laon led a colony to Portugal and founded the Abbey of St. Vincent, near Lisbon. 45). It includes a 2 metre boundary around the archaeological features, An abbey may be the home of an enclosed religious order or may be open to visitors. It was founded in about 1152 by Roald, constable of Richmond, and later enjoyed the patronage of the Scrope family. Bernard and his companions set up their first monastic house at Prmontr. One of these was Candida Casa, or Whithorn, in Scotland. It was founded as a house of Premonstratensian canons in 1134, the year that Norbert died. The grandeur of the surviving buildings testifies to the success and wealth of the abbey. It followed the common plan. J Gairdner (ed), Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, vol 11 (London, 1888), 196, no. included in this scheduling as they are considered to incorporate areas Even today the village consists of few buildings It may be that by issuing this document he hoped to obtain their support for the abbeys continued existence. [6]The abbey owned flocks of sheep from a very early stage, and sheep farming seems to have been one of its main means of support. Get access. The triforium was omitted. The church follows the plan adopted by the Austin canons in their northern abbeys, and has only one aisle to the north of the nave, while the choir is long, narrow and without an aisle. The religious of the confiscated abbey of Berne in Holland founded a new abbey at Heeswijk. The Cluniac Reforms brought focus to the traditions of monastic life, encouraging art and the caring of the poor. One of the miniature complexes was called the "oblati". It was finished and consecrated by Pope Innocent II around 1132 AD. To the north of the church and to the right of the main entrance to the Abbey, was a residence for distinguished guests. Pp. 3 - The Visitation of England's Premonstratensian Abbeys, c.1478-1500. [4], In the southernmost area of the abbey was the workshop containing utilities for shoemakers, saddlers (or shoemakers, sellarii), cutlers and grinders, trencher-makers, tanners, curriers, fullers, smiths and goldsmiths. The church is remarkable for its extreme narrowness in proportion to its length. In 1200, the Abbot of Torre (Devon) was appointed King Johns representative at the Papal Curia. There is no visible evidence of 16th- or 17th-century work in the abbey ruins, suggesting that the buildings were not reoccupied as a residence. Premonstratensians | Encyclopedia.com land and churches at Upavon and Sheraton held by St-Wandrille 1086; church of St Mary founded by Weohstan, Ealdorman of Wiltshire; Kingston upon Hull Whitefriars, earlier site, St Mary Virgin, St Michael and All Angels, and St Thomas Martyr, The Priory Church of St Marie, North Ferriby. Construction began in 1831 but work was abandoned in 1853. At the upper end is a semicircular recess, similar to the triclinium of the Lateran Palace in Rome, in which is placed the seat of the hegumenos or abbot. Some abbeys offer accommodation to people who are seeking spiritual retreat. Export citation. The National Heritage List for England is a unique register of our country's most significant historic buildings and sites. The canons spread through England during the 12th century. 29(2) (accessed 30 Jan 2015).13. built by Aethelflaed, apparently incorporating an earlier foundation; The Priory Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Catherine, Blackborough, The Priory Church of Saint Mary of Carhowe, The Priory Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint John the Evangelist, The Priory Church of Saint Mary de Pratis, The Priory Church of Saint Mary, Saint Augustine and All Saints, Hickling 1545/6, The Priory Church of the Holy Trinity and All Saints, Ingham, The Blessed Virgin Mary, St Barbara and St Edmund, Marham, The Priory Church of Saint Mary the Virgin and Saint John the Evangelist, The Priory Church of Saint Mary, Saint James and All Saints, Buckenham, The Priory Church of the Holy Cross and the Blessed Virgin Mary, Shouldham, episcopal diocesan cathedral for the diocese of East Anglia, The Priory Church of Saint George, Thetford, The Abbey Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Wendling, The Priory Church of Saint Mary and All Saints, West Acre, The Abbey Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, The Priory Church of Saint Mary and All Saints, Weybourne, The Priory Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Holy Cross and Saint John the Evangelist, Wormegay, The Priory Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Ashby, The Priory Church of Saint John the Baptist, Rothwell, The Blessed Virgin Mary and St Leonard of South Berwick, records suggest existence of a Saxon monastery, extensive buildings revealed by crop markings suggest monastic settlement, The Priory Church of the Holy Trinity, Beauvale, The Priory Church of Saint Helen, Mattersey, Friary and Parish of Our Lady and St Edward, The Priory Church of Saint Peter, Thurgarton, Hospital of St John the Evangelist founded 13th century, The Priory Church of Saint John the Evangelist, Cold Norton, The Priory Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Goring, intended as a secular establishment by King Richard, The Priory Church of Saint Michael, Chirbury, The Priory Church of Saint Michael and Saint Milburga, Wenlock, The Holy Trinity, St Mary Virgin, and St Thomas Martyr, possible early hermitage or monastery founded, The Blessed Virgin Mary and St Edmund, King and Martyr. Having obtained some religious, he returned to Bohemia and founded the Abbey of Mount Sion at Strahov, Prague. In Belgium, the abbeys of Averbode, Tongerlo, Grimbergen, Park, and Postel are among the great Premonstratensian houses of the 20th century. Corpus Christi Basilica was closed in 2007 and the Canons moved to St. Chads Church in the Cheetham area of Manchester. In the process, the existing minster community was probably absorbed into the new abbey. The monastery was initially dissolved in 1536 only to only about a dozen survive to any extent and the remains at Blanchland today as the Lord Crewe Arms Hotel (Listed Building Grade II*). Search over 1 million photographs and drawings from the 1850s to the present day using our images archive. 757-96 (in the reign of Offa), Priory of Our Lady of Good Counsel (Sayers Common) *, The Priory Church of Our Lady of Good Counsel, possible Saxon royal minster (Nonnaminstre), The Priory Church of Saint Mary Magdalene, Rusper, The Priory Church of Saint Mary Magdalene, Tortington, The Abbey of Our Lady, Help of Christians, possible minster; Saxon church, possibly from before, evidence from possibly spurious charters of 680 and 685 referring to lands owned by Selsey monastery, including St Andrew's Church on the East side of 'uedringmutha' (Wittering Haven, later called Pagham Harbour) implying a community at Wythering (Pagham) rather than West Wittering, as previously inferred, Newcastle-upon-Tyne St Bartholomew's Priory, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Whitefriars, earlier site. Historic England holds an extensive range of publications and historic collections in its public archive covering the historic environment. Easby descended with the Scropes until the death of Emmanuel, Lord Scrope, in 1630. Gribbin, Joseph A. All the Cluniac houses in England and Scotland were French colonies, governed by French priors who travelled to the Abbey of Cluny to consult or be consulted (unless the abbot of Cluny chose to come to Britain, which happened rarely). The Premonstratensian order modelled itself on the Cistercian values of austerity and seclusion and founded all its monasteries in rural locations. (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Bristol edit) [3], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Buckinghamshire edit)[4]. The Premonstratensian Order in Late Medieval England - JSTOR The monks required buildings which suited their religious and day-to-day activities. The Abbey of Berne-Heeswijk has founded St. Norbert's Priory at De Pere, Wisconsin, U.S.A. To the priory is attached a flourishing classical and commercial college. The abbey was founded in 1215 by Premonstratensian canons. Preface - The Premonstratensian Order in Late Medieval England Part of the Alfred Newton and Sons collection. All rights reserved. In 1149, the mother-house sent some of its religious to found the Abbey of St. Samuel at Barletta, in Apulia, Italy. Overview. The Order of Canons Regular of Prmontr (Latin: Candidus et Canonicus Ordo Praemonstratensis), also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines and, in Britain and Ireland, as the White Canons (from the colour of their habit), is a religious order of canons regular of the Catholic Church founded in Prmontr near Laon in 1120 by Norbert of Xanten, who later became Archbishop of . Norbert elected instead to follow the older Rule of St Augustine, which better fitted his aims that Premonstratensians should serve communities by preaching, teaching, charitable work, and sometimes by direct service as parish priests. This layout, known as the laurae (lanes), became popular throughout Israel. The church was regarded as one of the wonders of the Middle Ages. St Augustine of Hippo laid down a timetable for daily communal devotion and twinned this with the importance of charity, obedience and individual poverty. The integrity and diversity of the Bayham Abbey precinct, disturbed only by the Dower House of 1752 and by the lake to the north-east created ca.1800, provides a potentially outstanding opportunity . However, the cloister garth (quadrangle), as at Chichester, is not rectangular, and thus, all the surrounding buildings are positioned in an awkward fashion. formerly the house of Friars of the Sack; Sir William de Clinton purchased parish church 1330, initially intending to found a chantry/college; licensed 1331; The Holy Trinity, The Blessed Virgin Mary, St Michael and All Saints, The Priory Church of Saint Mary and Saint Denis, Kirby. There are many famous abbeys across the Mediterranean Basin and Europe. Blanchland Abbey was one of approximately thirty-one abbeys of the This entry is a copy, the original is held by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. precinct. You are using an old version of Internet Explorer. Roalds identity is unclear, but it has been suggested that he was the younger son of Hacuil, or Hasculf, de St James, lord of Tansor in Northamptonshire and of estates in Oxfordshire.[3]. [4], The same principle governed the choice of site for Cistercian abbeys in that a most dismal site might be improved by the building of an abbey. Parallel to the nave, on the south side of the cloister, was a refectory, with a lavatory at the door. [4] The monks of the Abbey lived in a house built against the north wall of the church. 481 (accessed 30 Jan 2015).12. Formal name or dedication is the formal name of the establishment or the person in whose name the church is dedicated, where known. [8]The Scropes made Easby their burial place, and probably paid for the chancel of the abbey church to be lengthened in the 14th century. The most interesting man who appears in connexion with the Premonstratensian order in England during the 15th century was the zealous official, Richard Redman, abbot of the small house of Shap in Westmorland. hospital founded 1130 by Sir John Malton; The Priory Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Thornholme, The Abbey Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Thornton, The Priory Church of Saint Leonard, Torksey, The Priory Church of Saint Mary Magdalen, Bentley, The Abbey Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Brockley, The Priory Church of Saint John the Baptist, Holywell, Hampton Cell then, later, Hampton Preceptory, The Abbey Church of Saint Thomas the Martyr, Lesnes. Jump to navigation Jump to search . Conclusion: From Cessation to Dissolution - The Premonstratensian Order The Abbey of Newhouse, near Brockelsby, Lincoln, the first Premonstratensian abbey in England, was founded in 1143 by Peter de Gousel, with the consent of his lord, Hugh de Bayeux, and the approbation of Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, with a colony from Liegues Abbey near Calais, France, then under the rule of Abbot Henry. Composition of the order The order is composed of three classes: (1) priests and clerics under an abbot or provost; (2) nuns who embrace the Rule of St. Norbert; (3) members of the third Order of St. Norbert. 12. pp 40-100. Above the common room was the dormitory. Steven Brindle MA DPhil FSA is an English Heritage historian and author of best-selling books on Brunel and on Paddington Station. The layout of Easby Abbey is irregular due to its position on the edge of a steep river bank. The Premonstratensian Order in Late Medieval England - December 2000. It finally opened on 8 December 1864. The tradesmen's living quarters were at the rear of the workshop. The abbey and its lands were let to Lord Scrope of Bolton for 300. Only a single, central tower was permitted, and that was usually very low. In a curious document of 1535, when talk of suppressing Englands monasteries was in the air, Abbot Robert Bampton (151136) restated the rights of the Scropes as patrons. Read about our current news, projects and campaigns nationally and in your area. There is a small postern gate at L. The enceinte comprises two large open courts, surrounded with buildings connected with cloister galleries of wood or stone. Lavendon Abbey $ Premonstratensian Canons founded c.1154/5-1158 by John de Bidun, sheriff of Buckinghamshire; In the eastern part of the Abbey there was a group of buildings representing in layout, two complete miniature monasteries. It should be noted that the following features of the abbey In 1105 AD, the first house of the order was established at St Botolph's Priory, Colchester, Essex. Monasticism in the West began with the activities of Benedict of Nursia (born 480 AD). An enclosure protecting all these buildings gave the settlement the appearance of a walled village. The places on the list are protected by law and most are not open to the public. monument are not included in the scheduling. These "hospitia" had a large common room or refectory surrounded by bed rooms. The Tongerlo canons established parishes at Spalding (1875), Stainforth (1931), Moorends (1937) and Holbeach (1956). Vol. Ibid, 2267, no. Abbey - Wikipedia Source: Historic England Archive. [2], The abbey of St Agatha at Easby was founded in about 1152 by Roald (d.1158), constable or principal officer of Richmond . Where the county has changed since the foundation's dissolution the modern county is given in parentheses, and in instances where the referenced foundation ceased to exist before the unification of England, the kingdom is given, followed by the modern county in parentheses. years after the Dissolution to make a complete village. To this formulary the Saint added fasting, abstinence, and other works of mortification, together with some pious customs and practices peculiar to monastic orders, whereby his order became, as it were, monastico-canonical. From its beginning the order also accepted parishes which were administered by Norbertine priests. 4. . the White Canons came to England to establish the first Premonstratensian Abbey at Newhouse, in Lincolnshire . graveyard east of the parish church; 3) the remains of the west and be reformed by the King in 1537 before being finally dissolved in 1539. An account is given of the procedure of visitation as conducted by Redman and Premonstratensians generally, followed by an examination of the name lists in . 4 - The English Premonstratensian Liturgy. On 22 February a vengeful Henry VIII wrote to the Duke of Norfolk, who was engaged in crushing the rebels: at your repair to St Agatha and such other places as have made resistance you shall without pity or circumstance cause the monks to be tied up [hanged] without further delay.[14]. family in the early 17th century. The defining architectural characteristic of the Cistercian abbeys was extreme simplicity and plainness. Talley - Premonstratensian Abbey - Ancient and medieval architecture Evidence suggests that a religious community of some sort existed on the site before the abbey was founded. A priory was a smaller structure or entities which depended on the monastery. Third Order of Canons Regular of Prmontr. All rights reserved. 9, Devon, Parts 1 & 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 2 (notes), 24,15, National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, Bedford Priory (collegiate church of St Paul), Maud de Clare, Countess of Gloucester and Hertford, Bristol Cathedral Abbey: St Augustine's Abbey, Bristol, List of monastic houses in Buckinghamshire, List of monastic houses in Cambridgeshire, St Anthony's Monastery, St Anthony-in-Meneage, Sisters of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, Sisters of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus & Mary, List of monastic houses in Gloucestershire, List of monastic houses on the Isle of Wight, Canterbury St Mary of the Angels Friary, List of monastic houses in Leicestershire, List of monastic houses in Northamptonshire, List of monastic houses in Northumberland, List of monastic houses in Nottinghamshire, William de Roumare (Romara), Earl of Lincoln, The Parish Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Saint John Baptist and All Saints, Witham Friary, List of monastic houses in the West Midlands, List of monastic houses in Worcestershire, List of monastic houses in the East Riding of Yorkshire, List of monastic houses in North Yorkshire, List of monastic houses in South Yorkshire, List of monastic houses in West Yorkshire, List of English abbeys, priories and friaries serving as parish churches, List of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England, List of monastic houses on the Isle of Man, A History of the County of Bedford: Volume 1, A History of the County of Berkshire: Volume 2, A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 2, A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 1, A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 2, A History of the County of Huntingdon: Volume 1, A History of the County of Chester: Volume 3, A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 2, A History of the County of Cumberland: Volume 2, A History of the County of Derby: Volume 2, A History of the County of Dorset: Volume 2, A History of the County of Hampshire: Volume 2, A History of the County of Durham: Volume 2, A History of the County of Essex: Volume 2, "A History of the County of Gloucester - British History Online", A History of the County of Hertford: Volume 4, "Cressener, Elizabeth (d. 1536/7), prioress of Dartford", A History of the County of Leicestershire: Volume 2, A History of the County of Lincoln: Volume 2, A History of the County of London: Volume 1 - London within the Bars, Westminster and Southwark, "A History of the County of Middlesex - British History Online", Pastscape Detailed Result: HAMPTON HOSPITALLERS PRECEPTORY, "Houses of Benedictine monks: The priory of Aldeby", "Houses of Austin canons: The priory of Beeston", "Houses of Benedictine monks: The priory of Binham", Pastscape Detailed Result: BLACKBOROUGH PRIORY, "Houses of Benedictine nuns: The priory of Blackborough", Pastscape Detailed Result: BLAKENEY WHITEFRIARS, "Friaries: The Carmelite friars of Blakeney", Pastscape Detailed Result: CARBROOKE HOSPITALLERS PRECEPTORY, House of Knights Hospitallers: The preceptory of Carbrooke, Pastscape Detailed Result: Castle Acre Priory, British History Online Houses of Cluniac monks: The priory of Castle Acre, Pastscape Detailed Result: CREAKE ABBEY, British History Online Houses of Austin canons: The abbey of Creake, Pastscape Detailed Result: ST THOMAS A BECKETS CHAPEL, Pastscape Detailed Result: MONUMENT NO. This Page will chart the journey or Pilgrimage From the very start of the Premonastratentsian Order In the fourteenth century the Norbertines had some 150 parishes in England. It was designed in 1829-31 by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The area within the wall is between three and four acres (12,000 and 16,000m2). Therefore, they built their churches in the shape of a long room. cloister had become the core of the mansion, parts of which survive He told them that he had already consulted learned bishops and holy abbots. Premonastratensian Abbey's In England - Facebook The first English house of the Cluniac order was built at Lewes, Sussex. History of Easby Abbey | English Heritage At the head of a chosen band of Norbertines he set out in 1136 for the Holy Land, where he was hospitably received by Fulco of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, and by William, Patriarch of the Holy City. In front of the church stands a marble fountain (F), covered by a dome supported on columns. © Crown Copyright and database right 2023. Nearby was the kitchen garden which complemented the physic garden and a cemetery orchard.[4]. Export citation. While the building is 257ft (78m) long, it is not more than 25ft (7.6m) wide. The concept of the abbey has developed over many centuries from the early monastic ways of religious men and women where they would live isolated from the lay community about them. In the late 13th and 14th centuries, for unknown reasons, they sold up their estates in stages. The whole of the southern and western areas of the Abbey were devoted to workshops, stables and farm-buildings including stables, ox-sheds, goatstables, piggeries, and sheep-folds, as well as the servants' and labourers' quarters. These people were divided into subgroups, each with its own "oeconomus". One door of the parlour led to the cloisters and the other led to the outer part of the Abbey. These were the buildings for the novices. Easbys endowment rose slowly over the centuries, traced in over 100 charters contained in its cartulary. villagers' cottages. The monastic buildings were taken over in the In some countries Norbertine nuns are now bound by simple vows only. The built remains of this Christian past can be explored up and down the country - from 6th-century St Augustine's, England's first Benedictine monastery, to 14th-century Mount Grace, Britain's best preserved Carthusian priory. (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Hampshire edit) [19], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Herefordshire edit), (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Hertfordshire edit) [1][23], The Cathedral Church of Christ, Canterbury, (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Lancashire edit) [9], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Leicestershire edit)[26], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Lincolnshire edit) [27], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in London edit) [28][29][30], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Merseyside edit) [9], [44][45]523454N 05242E / 52.5816927N 0.878225E / 52.5816927; 0.878225 (Carbrooke Preceptory), 525514N 04534E / 52.9206871N 0.7594219E / 52.9206871; 0.7594219 (Creake Abbey), [55][56]523630N 14325E / 52.6082046N 1.7236733E / 52.6082046; 1.7236733 (Great Yarmouth Whitefriars), (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Northamptonshire edit)[69], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Northumberland edit), (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Nottinghamshire edit) [70], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Oxfordshire edit)[71], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Rutland edit)[72], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Shropshireedit) [73], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Somerset edit) [3], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Staffordshire edit) [74], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Suffolk edit) [75], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Surrey edit) [76], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in East Sussexedit) [77], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in West Sussex edit)[78], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Tyne and Wear edit)[79], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Warwickshire edit)[79], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in the West Midlands edit) [74], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Wiltshire edit)[80], (For references and location detail see List of monastic houses in Worcestershire edit) [81].
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