splanchnocranium chondrocranium dermatocranium

It takes two: Building the vertebrate skull from chondrocranium and A portion of the embryonic cranium forming the bones of the base of the skull and eventually undergoing ossification. TAO has gular region, a surface structure stretching from chin to, . See, for a discussion of inconsistent usage of axial skeleton / postcranial axial skeleton, (rename or possibly obsolete, axial plus skeletal), Phylogenetic division of cranial skeletal system, The standard comparative anatomy treatment. dermatocranium lacking chondrocranium much more prominent and extensive than in other . Sometimes chondrocranium is reserved for the embryonic structure. We must be careful when using terms like cranium to be precise and avoid inconsistency. Definition 1 / 6 cartilaginous, forming entire braincase; dermatocranium absent; gill arch support Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by carly12p For each taxa: chondrocranium structure; dermatocranium structure; splanchnocranium structure. is the ventral part of the neck, bounded ventrally by the skin, and including the pharynx and larynx, bounded anteriorly by the hyoid and posteriorly by the clavicle (possibly including these). may overlap multiple phylogenetic subdivisions. Rated Helpful Answered by Rtolum a. Hyomandibula of bony fishes- Splanchnocranium b. Armor plates of extinct jawless fishes- Dermatocranium c. Meckel's cartilage in a human embryo- Splanchnocranium Uberon follows a more rigorous part-disjointness pattern and uses overlaps relationship; e.g. Chapter 7 Comparative Flashcards - Learning tools, flashcards, and In human anatomy and medically oriented texts a standard division may be between the facial skeleton and the neurocranium (constituting the skull). The Vertebrate Skull consists of: 1 - neurocranium (also called endocranium or primary braincase) 2 - dermatocranium (membrane bones) 3 - splanchnocranium (or visceral skeleton) Neurocranium: 1 - protects the brain 2 - begins as cartilage that is partly or entirely replaced by bone (except in cartilaginous fishes) Cartilaginous stage: Certainly all standard texts use the term cranial skeleton, but we can not infer from this that joints are deliberately excluded. Braincase may be an exact syn. [k]I don't think that would be a good idea. Wm. E.g. Agreed - that shouldn't be controversial. TorF. in a query for "parts of the skeleton", would you expect to find joints? One possibility is the following partonomy: cephalic region could be defined as the anteriormost subdivision of an organisms body, containing the CNS; in vertebrates this includes everything anterior to the pectoral girdle (although the neck may be considered to contain or overlap the clavicle). There are already multiple ways to subdivide the skeleton; developmentally and phylogenetically (e.g. Solved Compare and contrast the chondrocranium, - Chegg - Get 24/7 [g]Or skull and lower jaws. The gill arches serve to support the gills and offer a site for respiratory muscle attachment. See notes above for facial skeleton / viscerocranium confusion. The lower jaw is part of the dermatocranium. Each level below skeleton is exhaustive and part-disjoint (i.e. All subdivision schemes can be represented. It is worth noting a few consequences of a rigorous encoding of this 3-part phylogenetic scheme. Sometimes these are used as synonyms for the splanchnocranium, sometimes as synonyms for what in Grays is called the ossa faciei- which is mostly dermatocranium! Ontology schema for representing the cephalic region and cranial axial skeletal system, Skeletal system, skeleton, and articular system, We currently follow the FMA schema of dividing the, (all bone elements plus cartilage elements) and, ). False. Text is available under the Creative . Vertebrates that have a pectoral girdle connecting directly to the skull are not considered to have a true neck. Even a generalization at this level is likely to be controversial and require a fairly fuzzy definition. Note this is for the gill arches (ie 1 = PA3). Chapter 7: Head Skeleton Flashcards | Chegg.com This necessitates some neologisms - for example, we use cranial axial skeletal system rather than cranial skeleton as the former includes the sutures of the skull, which are excluded in the latter. Note that PA3-skeleton is, mandible = dentary + angular + articular/anguloarticular , Using the same class is probably ontologically cleaner, and reduces term inflation. Chondrocranium - ScienceDirect.com Note that individual ontologies need not represent both hierarchies (the term inflation and resulting lattice is potentially confusing and difficult to manage), but for the purposes of this design document it is necessary to be rigorous about the distinction between the articular system and the non-articular parts of the skeletal system. They differ in the composition of the extracellular matrix. Its not clear whether these should be considered subdivisions of the cranial skeleton or cranial skeletal system (i.e. However, sometimes cranium is used as inclusive of the mandible. The cavity communicates posteriorly with the cranial cavity by way of the precerebral fenestra. Dermatocranium The dermatocranium is composed of the dermal bones that form the superficial parts of the skull. The standard comparative anatomy treatment[1]for the cranial skeleton is to subdivide it into 3 parts: We call this the phylogenetic division of the cranial skeleton (later we will introduce other ways of dividing the skull). Determine whether structures of the skull are homologous in, different vertebrate taxa based on their embryonic origins, Evaluate the classification of a mystery vertebrate, given. In this document we use cranial skeleton in a very part-inclusive way to cover the whole splanchnocranium, including structures that might be found in the neck of a mammal. Vertebrates: Comparitive anatomy, function and evolution. We distinguish between jaw regions (subdivision of head, includes integument, bone, teeth, gums, vasculature, nerves, etc) and the jaw skeleton. STRUCTURE OF THE VERTEBRATE SKULL - | Department of Zoology at UBC we first provide some background on how organism subdivisions and skeletal subdivisions are represented. Whats the maximum number of PAs in any chordate? Note that some AOs encode this with part_of relationships to D, S and C - this is not itself wrong, if we interpret their D, S and C classes as being overlapping. Splanchnocranium Definition & Meaning - Dictionary by Merriam-Webster Consider something like the human skull. Uberon includes. In some vertebrates, the branchial arches make up part of the hyoid apparatus and jaw mechanism. Together with the pharyngeal skeleton, it comprises the cranial endoskeleton (endocranium). Its not clear exactly where it should end - e.g. . The splanchnocranium (or visceral skeleton) is the portion of the cranium that is derived from pharyngeal arches. the tracheal cartilage is a pharyngeal arch derivative[e]). What are the three components of the skull? For example, the definition of a. becomes simpler (connects left and right dentaries). It is also common to consider the mammalian skull as being composed of two parts - the cranium and mandible[g]. SNOMED (a major medical terminology) uses the label "Entire first branchial arch" for PA1, "Entire second branchial arch for PA2", up to "Entire sixth branchial arch" (SNOMED don't do fish, although they have a bizarre taxonomy of goldfish embedded in there). cranium) and post-cranial (e.g. splanchnocranium. Ontology schema for representing the cephalic region and cranial axial um (vis'r--kr'n-m), [TA] That part of the cranium derived from the embryonic pharyngeal arches; comprises the facial bones of the facial skeleton (under bone) and is distinct from that part of the cranium that forms the neurocranium (braincase). for the cranial skeleton is to subdivide it into 3 parts: - endoskeleton and derived from pharyngeal arches, - remainder of cranial endoskeleton - parts that encase the brain. However, many of the structures that are present in a tetrapod neck correspond to something in neckless fish. [l]Branchial arches are the 5 posterior ones. Clicker Questions from Lecture 8 Summer 2014.pdf, Skull Study Question Solutions Summer 2017.pdf, Biol 204 Development online assignment.docx, Axial and Appendicular Skeleton On-line Assignment.pdf, Take Test_ Phylogeny On-line Assignment - 2017W2-BIOL204..pdf, Lecture 20 Circulatory System1 Spring 2015. Selected partonomy shown: AOs vary with respect to whether there are two jaws (with L and U being subclasses) or whether there is a single jaw region (with L and U being parts), note that the upper and lower jaw skeleton includes both dermatocranium and splanchnocranium. Synonyms: cranial skeleton; Definition: Skeletal system that is part of the head, including the splanchnocranium, chondrocranium, and dermatocranium. Here we include in the axial skeleton both cranial components (e.g. mandible may be a syn for the ventral mandibular arch, which is part of the splanchocranium (the dentary is a dermatocranium bone). The only other option is to make the general parthood relationship more general (i.e. Solved please idetify the following structures, know if they - Get 24/7 See also: articular/anguloarticular. The other way is to use the same class for both (with the same class having slightly different properties in different species). They differ in vascularization (cartilage has none). (of course, it is part of the cranial skeleton - see above). Answers-1, BIO 3220, Skull - MSU Denver Sites Can you check how we defined skeletal system and skeleton in my old OBO file? Most of the model organism AOs are better behaved and use unambiguous terminology. This can create some inelegancies in a pan-vertebrate representation. It includes the gill arch skeleton of fish, as well as the laryngeal cartilages of a human (note that the skeleton includes not just bones, but also cartilage elements, and possibly their mesenchymal condensation precursors). Unfortunately, this isn't universally adhered to. . anatomical perspective, the skull is actually composed of three distinct, Splanchnocranium (unfortunately called the Visceral Skeleton), These three parts can be differentiated based on their developmental and. [1]e.g. Chondrocranium The chondrocranium is the large single element of the head skeleton (Figure 3.2 ). [n]Can you check how we defined skeletal system and skeleton in my old OBO file? Information Building Bones: Bone Formation and Development in Anthropology , pp. TAO materializes a subset of the classes from the following schema: {pharyngo,epi,cerato,hypo,basi}branchial [1-5] {element,cartilage,bone}. The splanchnocranium is made of endochondral bones. Bones such as the sphenoidmay overlap multiple phylogenetic subdivisions. defined as a firm but elastic skeletal tissue whose matrix contains chondroitin sulfate (ground substance) and collagen or elastic protein (fibers) molecules that bind with water the cellular elements of cartilage are called chondrocytes which lie in spaces called lacunae (Fig. splanchnocranium: develops from pharyngeal/cranial neural crest; BUT note that if NC is a vertebrate structure it follows that the splanchnoocranium is vertebrate, unless we encode the develops_from using a pan-vertebrate taxonomic GCI (not ideal). It is worth noting here confusion over mandible - both upper and lower beaks of a bird are sometimes termed mandibles. Note that neurocranium as sometimes used as a synonym, but more properly this is an overlapping structure from an alternate way of dividing the skull - see later in this document. The following path through a part-hierarchy might seem reasonably inuitive and non-problematic: But what happens when we add cranial sutures? the following may be best posed as a Q on obo-anatomy: The FMA has the following partonomic structure: The skeleton excludes joints; the articular system is the set of all joints (this is not exhaustive - the FMA also has the neural network of the skeletal system but we can ignore that here). It is worth noting a few consequences of a rigorous encoding of this 3-part phylogenetic scheme. More general guidelines are required here - when do bones retain their identity after fusion? (uberon def reads: Subdivision of endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches), note we currently follow EHDAA2 and include pre-cartilage in the skeleton. The pharyngeal basket in protochordates is the analog for the . However, I think XAO has gotten itself terminally confused, see https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3486862&group_id=76834&atid=1127722, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_branchial_arch, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Branchial_arch, What do you think of "post-hyoid arch" as an ugly but unambiguous term for what you or I might prefer to call Branchial arch. 1) Chondrocranium: formed by cartilage (or bone + cartilage) as support for the brain. 3) Dermatocranium: formed by dermal bones, has largest amount of bones, bones associate with chondocranium and splanchnocranium. Is the branchial basket a subtype of splanchnocranium, a part, or a homolog? depends on if we are talkinga bout the cranium proper, vs. the "cranial skeleton", in other words, are you proposing (maybe) that anything that is a skeletal element and develops from the pharyngeal arches is part_of the splanchnocranium? But the term "skull" is a bit problematic is it's used inconsistently, and may sometimes be used inclusive of the hyoid and sometimes exclusive. For example, the definition of a pan-vertebrate mandibular symphysisbecomes simpler (connects left and right dentaries). However, this is not yet seamless, so the distinctions end up being displayed for everyone. One option is to generalize neck such that it includes fish[k]- but this would likely confound many people. ZFA uses pharyngeal arch 3-7 as a primary label for the class that is the superclass of PA3, PA4PA7. If we want to be phylogenetically bold and include a structure head that covers the cephalic region of invertebrates then we have to be especially careful. However, I think XAO has gotten itself terminally confused, see https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3486862&group_id=76834&atid=1127722. - but this would likely confound many people. Note that PA3-skeleton is part_ofpharyngeal arch 3-7 skeleton. Association of the Chondrocranium and Dermatocranium in Early Skull The splanchnocranium consists of the gill arches and their derivatives. for neurocranium. See mereotopological relationships in anatomy ontologiesfor background on representing joints. For cranium parts, give embryonic origins and type of bone Terms in this set (6) This necessitates some neologisms - for example, we use cranial axial skeletal system rather than cranial skeleton as the former includes the, , neurocranium, mandible, axial skeleton are often more ambiguous than you might think. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Chondrocranium, Splanchnocranium, Dermatocranium and more. This is confusing as the label sounds like a mereological sum. Does "skeletal system" intuitively conjour up a picture of skeleton + joints? However, this may be problematic for taxonomic generalization (consider: the dentary-squamosal joint may be existentually dependent on the dentary and squamosal by definition; however, neither the squamosal nor dentary are existentially dependent on this joint). [d]depends on if we are talkinga bout the cranium proper, vs. the "cranial skeleton", [e]in other words, are you proposing (maybe) that anything that is a skeletal element and develops from the pharyngeal arches is part_of the splanchnocranium? Using the same class is probably ontologically cleaner, and reduces term inflation. [Solved] 1. Distinguish between the chondrocranium, splanchnocranium arch is inherently ambiguous w.r.t numbering, fine as related synonym (reference this doc), Note XAO is terminally confused - see tracker, ZFA uses pharyngeal arch 3-7 as a primary label for the class that is the superclass of PA3, PA4PA7. Given the above, what are people's opinions on the following: * is forcing the distinction between articular system and skeleton useful[n]? An open question is when the splanchnocranium arose. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Aj8NJdyb-leqdDM0R3hTVTRHRExDVjRCSkZEbDc5N1E#gid=0. [b]Many comparative anatomists use Cranial skeleton/axial skeleton/appendicular skeleton. Branchial arches are the 5 posterior ones. Our part-heirarchy has become much more "lattice-y". Many comparative anatomists use Cranial skeleton/axial skeleton/appendicular skeleton. The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Phylogenetically, it is a membrane bone which probably evolved from dermal armor. Many consider those to be distinct entities. At this point it is worth mentioning some confusion over terms like viscerocranium and facial skeleton. Uberon follows a more rigorous part-disjointness pattern and uses overlaps relationship; e.g. Note that currently TAO makes skull bones existentially dependent on their joints. primary subdivision of cranial skeletal system, the tracheal cartilage is a pharyngeal arch, mereotopological relationships in anatomy ontologies. So long as any has_part relationships are guarded by taxonomic GCIs[2]this should be safe for use in vertebrates. . C. Brown ISBN10:0073040584, [2]e.g. Fish Skulls - UC Berkeley Open Book Publishing TODO: decide which of the above, if any, are subtypes of CARO:appendage, Returning to vertebrates, we might wish to subdivide the neck into parts; e.g. The FMA is way ahead of us here - "skull" is already part of the "skeletal system", not the "skeleton" (the FMA doesn't have all of the distinctions above, but the above is consistent with the FMA). Note that some AOs encode this with part_of relationships to D, S and C - this is not itself wrong, if we interpret their D, S and C classes as being overlapping. Or skull and lower jaws. Synonym(s): facial skeleton , cranium viscerale, visceral cranium, jaw . Sometimes these are used as synonyms for the splanchnocranium, sometimes as synonyms for what in Grays is called the, - which is mostly dermatocranium! (cephalic region and part_of some tetrapod) SubClassOf has_part some neck. The dermatocranium consists of dermal bones that encase the chondrocranium and splanchnocranium and contribute to the braincase, jaws, and skeletal elements of the mouth (teeth). The splanchnocranium is the most ancient, and first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates; the chondrocranium underlies and supports the brain, and is formed from endochondral bone or cartilage; the dermatocranium arose last and forms the outer casing of the skull, including the dentary/mandible. The meaning of SPLANCHNOCRANIUM is the portion of the skull that arises from the first three branchial arches and forms the supporting structure of the jaws. In mammals, these bones have migrated and the dentary forms the whole lower jaw skeleton. Any idea how we can reconcile those 2 systems? 52 - 78 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316388907.004 Publisher: Cambridge University Press Print publication year: 2017 Access options Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. But the term "skull" is a bit problematic is it's used inconsistently, and may sometimes be used inclusive of the hyoid and sometimes exclusive. We currently follow the FMA schema of dividing the skeletal systeminto the skeleton(all bone elements plus cartilage elements) and articular system(collection of joints). The lower jaw is part of the dermatocranium. Solved U Question 16 The most ancestral component(s) of the - Chegg The salts are Calcium phospate in a highly organized deposition : HYDROXYAPATITE. todo: terminology notes: skull roof, vault of skull, . Each orthogonal division scheme introduces another cross-product of possibilities. Any idea how we can reconcile those 2 systems? Introduction to the skeletal system - Huntsville, TX Skeletal System: Skull Flashcards - Learning tools, flashcards, and Terms such as skull, cranium, viscerocranium, neurocranium, mandible, axial skeleton are often more ambiguous than you might think. dermatocranium: vary between species - see Morris-Kay review on vault. i.e. Its not clear whether some structures such as the hyoid bone should be considered part of the skull[h][i](of course, it is part of the cranial skeleton - see above). This is confusing as the label sounds like a mereological sum. Homology unavoidable in naming? Thus we would say that only mammals have a mandible, and that mammals lack a dentary. So long as any has_part relationships are guarded by taxonomic GCIs. as an obsolete class with consider links to facial skeleton and splanchnocranium. cf PA5 in humans; PA6 is the 5th in an adult human. Uberon includes viscerocraniumas an obsolete class with consider links to facial skeleton and splanchnocranium. individual auditory ossicles). [pan-vert] gular region part_of some cephalic region) and optionally to make a taxonomic GCI linking the gular region to neck in select taxa. 5.20, p. 173) surrounded by the perichondrium, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Chondrocranium, Splanchnocranium, Dermatocranium and more. [m]Unfortunately, this isn't universally adhered to. dermatocranium, relationship: overlaps UBERON:0002241 {notes="orbito pre and basi sphenoid"} ! It surrounds and provides support for the brain and sense organs. In this document we use cranial skeleton in a very part-inclusive way to cover the whole splanchnocranium, including structures that might be found in the neck of a mammal. In most vertebrates the lower jaw skeleton consists of multiple bones, including the dentary. Its not clear whether some structures such as the hyoid bone should be considered part of the. Note that these overlaps relationships may be redundant if and when all has_part relationships to parts of composite bones are added. Furthermore, the laryngeal cartilages would never be considered ossa faciei, neither would mammalial auditory ossicles. Chondrocranium Splanchnocranium Dermatocranium Supports the brain and organs of special sense chondrocranium which skull components are present in all groups of vertebrates Chondrocranium, splanchnocranium Which vertebrates don't have a dermatocranium chondricthyans and early agnathans The chondrocranium is made of what kind of bone endochondral This means this part of ZFA/TAO is not correct, po ZFA:0001227 ! We currently use the term more generally to encompass the embryonic cartilage chondrocranium, the cartilage chondrocranium of sharks and the endochondral bone structure of mammals (but this is open to discussion). Note that assuming the above partonomy is encoded by all-some part_of axioms, this scheme restricts throats to those organisms that have a neck. See document on numbering schemes. Note that organisms without necks may have analagous regions - e.g. These are the: Neurocranium (Chondocranium) Dermatocranium Splanchnocranium Each part is distinguished by its ontogenetic and phylogenetic origins although all three work together to produce the skull. The skeletal system is the mereological sum of joints plus skeleton. Chapter 7 Flashcards - Learning tools, flashcards, and textbook solutions On the surface this may look fine. all parts of the skeleton are either axial or appendicular, and nothing is part of both). relationship: overlaps UBERON:0003113 {notes="pterygoid process"} ! See this tracker itemfor a discussion of inconsistent usage of axial skeleton / postcranial axial skeleton. (uberon def reads: Subdivision of endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches), [f]note we currently follow EHDAA2 and include pre-cartilage in the skeleton. However, this is where the cost comes in - we've inflated the number of distinctions in our ontology in order to retain consistency. ZFIN Anatomy Ontology: cranium - ZFIN The Zebrafish Information Network 2. There are two equally valid ways of representing this. Splanchnocranium | definition of splanchnocranium by Medical dictionary The skull of an adult vertebrate is one unified structure.
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